Decision making & problem solving Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Decision making & problem solving - Essay Example The National Health Services, a publicly funded healthcare organization, was founded in UK near about fifty years ago. Their focus on modernization in the management has given new edge to the functioning of the NHS. It is significant that the NHS management has readily recognized the need for the charges, and timely implemented the plan But the momentum for the charge has only started gaining pace. These changes are not necessarily the result of the internal market for health. They arise partly also from developments in the science of medicine itself. Four changes will have particular impact on the future organization of the NHS (Leathard, 1991, p.126).Assuming that medical science remains in continual state of development and evolution, differences of opinions between doctors become inevitable. The law regarding medical negligence permits wide range of practice variations.Though the NHS does not have a profit motive, it is, of course, enormously concerned with control of expenditure . Surprisingly, however, it still lacks any real continuous evaluation of its performance against criteria.Concerns about the irrational use of medicines has led the government to introduce scheme designed to put downward pressure on indiscriminate prescription. GP spending on pharmaceuticals is now subject to regulation by indicative amounts, or 'target budgets'. In the past, the stance of the British Medical ... The concept of the 'general' hospital, with broad range of services designed to cater for the needs of a variety patients, will decline. Instead, there will be smaller number of specialist units which maximize the use made of expensive equipment (Astley & Van de, 1983, p.245-273). This will bring out movement from secondary to primary care and an increase in the power of GPs both in terms of the numbers of patients they treat and their influence over the distribution of health service resources. Their role as passive partners in the enterprise of health, removed from the reality of hard decisions about costs and benefits, will be change. Inevitably, they will become more involved in the debate about priorities in health care. Secondly, since the power to decide how resources should be spent gets decentralized, tension will arise between the duty of the Secretary of State to promote national strategies and objectives and the wishes of local doctors and health managers as to their own goals and aspirations. Thirdly, the use of market for health care will not discourage this trend. The use of the word 'market' is undoubtedly contentious and the exact future of the current system of funding, obviously, will be subject to the winds of political change. Equally, both main political parties would endorse the following two principles: (i) that effective care in the NHS is enhanced by the use of some measure of financial incentives for employees who achieve most, and (ii) that an entirely unregulated market for health care in the NHS would be largely ineffective and wasteful. Fourthly, the distinction between public and private care will become increasingly blurred. Private hospitals will be encouraged liberally and be able to sell their services to

The Sinews of Peace Essay Example for Free

The Sinews of Peace Essay I am thankful to Westminster College for giving me an honorary degree this afternoon. It is in this institution where I received a very large part of my education in politics, dialectic, rhetoric, and other things. I am thankful also to the President of the United States, despite of his heavy burdens, duties, and responsibilities, managed to introduce me to this academic audience. I am going to offer this Address which I called â€Å"The Sinews of Peace† today to which I have listed solutions to the threats that our countries, and the world, are facing. The first thing that I would like to consider in this speech is the problem with security. Our society faces two great dangers: war and tyranny. These two dangers threaten the millions of people and their dreams of freedom and progress. When these threats are not solved, the future of our people is at stake from what has been called â€Å"the unestimated sum of human pain†. The difference between the Communist East and the Democratic West had resulted to confrontation and deliberate movement to establish a dominion in the world. It resulted to wars and political divisions, especially in Europe where the two major ideologies clash. The famous iron curtain that divides the Europe into two parts, the Democratic West and the Communist East, is one of the results of this differences in ideologies. Russia does not aim for war but desires for the fruits of war which is the indefinite expansion of their power and doctrines and it begins with their control upon the states around the iron curtain where they kept their sphere of influence. To provide security from the threats of war and tyranny, we need to have a unified force in Europe, America, and the rest of the world who will deter any attempts of destabilizing our freedom. This is accomplished through the United Nations Organization. However, due to the increase in power and influence of the Soviet Communist rule, the threats are becoming increasingly perceptible. What we need is an international armed force that will safeguard our freedom. During some serious situations, we know that American military men make an â€Å"over-all strategic concept†. This concept however is simply the safety and welfare, the freedom and progress, of all people in this planet. The next thing they do after having proclaimed the concept and computed the resources is to provide a method. The American people demonstrated its might twice in both wars against the Communist countries who sought expansion of their power and doctrines. The United States sits in the pinnacle of world power today. But the United States was not alone in its struggle for the freedom and progress of all people. The British Commonwealth had long been struggling for unity over the European continent. Its ties with other countries had produced fruitful results. The presence of the Communist sphere of influence prevents us in achieving this goal. However, it shall be known that the future of war and tyranny can be determined by the actions we make today. To the threats of war and tyranny, the United Nations Organization, the successor of the League of Nations, which is aimed at preventing war, must equip itself with an international armed force. This force must come from the countries who share the same ideologies, that is, the preservation of freedom and progress. The United States and the British Commonwealth forces, when combined, will result to an overwhelming assurance of security. We can provide security to our people from the horrors and miseries of war and tyranny that will extend to the future population through unity of the English-speaking Commonwealth and the United States. References: Churchill, W. S. (1946). The Sinews of Peace [Electronic Version]. Retrieved April 24, 2007, from North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) website: http://www.nato.int/docu/speech/1946/s460305a_e.htm

Is Scientology Dangerous?

Is Scientology Dangerous? A religion regarded as unorthodox or spurious. Scientology was made up by L. Ron Hubbard, a man who wanted to create a practical religion for all races, color, and gender. He believed this as a route to previously unimagined spiritual heights (scientology.org). Scientologists believe highly in reincarnation and that their spirits are immortal and flow through to every new person when they die. L. Ron Hubbard is a man who created this cult to liberate the human soul or thetan; a word derived from the Greek letter theta. Hubbard is a god to the people who believe in him. People who are in Scientology are more brain washed than the celebrities in Hollywood. The only difference is that the people in Scientology are the people in Hollywood. Scientology is a cult based on one mans crude version of reality. Scientology is classified as a cult in most peoples minds because of their strict rules and unorthodox ways of going about things. It is considered a cult because people are treated badly and are harassed if they dont agree with a rule. There are cases of very unorthodox forms of repenting in the Church of Scientology. People have stated that when they were under the belief of Scientology they were told that everything bad that has happened to them is all their fault and they have to make up for it by spreading awareness of Scientology so they can help others atone for everything. The journalist Joel Sappell reported that in his 5 year study of the Church of Scientology, The tip of the spear, that his dog appeared to be having seizure from which the vet couldnt determine the cause of. This comes after he had previously reported on a Scientology related civil trial. Soon after it died, Sappell received a call from Supreme Court judge Ronald Swearinger(Sappell) who called claiming to h ave. Even though Sappell had never previously spoken to this man they both had something in common. Swearingers dog has been drowned, which made him very concerned since his beloved collie would never go near the water on his own(Sappell). Sappell states that people had warned him to keep an eye on pets(Sappell) while he and a colleague, only named in the article as Bob, left town to keep their heads low while theyre investigating the church. Maybe it was coincidence many highly suspect the church targets peoples pets since so many people have reported that their animals suddenly die or disappear when they speak openly about the misgivings of the church. The current leader of Scientology is David Miscavige who is also in command of the Sea Org or The Sea Organization which is a odd mixture of military and corporate managementwith staff members living in army-like conditions (exscientologykids.com). They have such unorthodox ways of going about their religion that they restrict peopl e from having children while working for Sea Org. If you get pregnant you are either pressured to abort the baby or you must leave.(exscientologykids.com) Cover ups and pay offs may be the reason they are never caught for their bad deeds. Scientology really challenges the meaning of church and it should never be called one and only be considered a cult. In May of 2010, another case was opened about child sex abuse allegations. Of the people putting out these accusations was the daughter of the president of the church in Australia (New Zealand Herald, pg.19). This goes to show that even the people of the highest standings have come forward and spoke against the church. Many reported claims of forced abortions, imprisonment,(New Zealand Herald, pg.19) and disconnection. The strict policies of Scientology and the impact on the people who follow this belief system are in some ways both corrupted by the thoughts of Hubbard. In an interview from April 2016, the parents of two followers of the Church of Scientology, Phil and Willie Jones, begged for their children to come forward and speak to them again. Claiming that the last time they spoke to Michael, the son who they claim was stolen from them by Scientology after the church deemed them as suppressive people, was two years ago.(Gadi Schwartz) After being blocked twice from putting up a billboard to get their childrens attention in Hollywood they finally found a site where they could unveil their sign. Other parents who were excommunicated from the church or were forcefully disconnected from their families came to support the Jones family. A lot of cases against Scientology have to do with freedom of speech. Written in the Constitution, freedom of speech has given the people of the United States the f reedom to speak freely. Scientology has found a way to squash and subdue the first amendment. Hubbard created his own version called Fair Game. This policy forces all believers to ignore moral and ethical tenets (Jose Liy). Hubbard let his followers harass people until it became bigger than it seemed. Thus forcing him to claim that followers harassing and breaking laws were misguided and misunderstood(Jose Liy). If everyone who harassed people for not believing in the same things as them were just brushed off as misguided and misunderstood then there would be no such thing as religious fanatics. They go as far as pulling South Park, a Comedy Central show, off the air because it poked fun at Scientology. Tons of religions are made fun of or joked about on different TV shows and/or movies, but since Scientology is a bigger deal in Hollywood they could not take the chances of looking silly in front of their peers. Yet other actual religions are more made fun of than Scientology wants t o maintain their scary appearance and keep people second guessing them. Disconnection is a very common thing in Scientology. When you are labeled as suppressive you are not allowed to speak too your family. From an article in which the people affected by disconnection told their story and still remained scientology loyal. In this article the names were changed to keep the people safe. Mary was raised in Scientology(leavingscientology.wordpress.com) by her dad Sam who is a dedicated Scientologist(leavingscientology.wordpress.com) and joined Sea Org along with her brother. One day Sam found out Mary was labeled as a suppressive person because she messed up a operation at Sea Org. Sam worried about her being disconnected and knew he had to disconnect from her since it is a policy. Even though Scientology insist that Disconnection does not exist (exscientologykids.com/disconnection) yet it seems to pop up more often. Since Sam cannot speak to Mary until she gets her good standing back he branches off and commits the crime of contacting Ex-Scientologists. Whe n Mary started to consider a lawsuit, the church offered her a deal if Mary would shut up about the abuses, and agree not to be part of any lawsuit, then her SP declare would be lifted (leavingscientology.wordpress.com). Fearing for his daughters safety Sam researched some ex-scientologists who were not named and learned their stories. Mary did not want to be disconnected and they told her that dads betrayal will be forgiven as well as hers. Mary signed. She gave in and let them take her back out of fear and possible loneliness. There are different arguments for disconnection. Some are pro, some are con. From the families of disconnection the arguments are con, yet for Scientologist it is considered likewise to excommunication. Even though excommunicated people are not permitted to take any of the sacraments or receive blessings, their families and friends are not pressured to abandon them (exscientologykids.com). Scientology may deny disconnection, but it is one of the worst kind o f excommunication since it does not only focus on disconnecting the person considered a suppressive person; it pushes the family to go as far as never speaking to the person again or disowning them. Not claiming a son as their own or thinking of a father as someone who helped in the process of your creation. In conclusion, Scientology may not be the average sacrificial virgin cult, but it is in fact a dangerous cult. Modern society needs to be more aware of Scientologys rule over people. Since the media down plays Scientology as something to poke fun at no one really questions Scientologists. If asked many people would probably not even know what Scientology is. Instead of answers you will receive questions likewise to is that science? or is that something to do with biology? Younger people are more unaware of Scientology than some may think. Unless they follow people like Leah Remini or watch shows like South Park and learn how Scientology messes with people in real life. Some things that will make people actually think, what really is Scientology? Once society realizes the dangers of Scientology then the numbers of Scientologists possibly will fall and people will feel safer because they will not be a radical threat anymore. Scientology is a cult and a lot of innocent people are unawar e of what they are walking into. Works Cited Abuse? In My Church? Leaving Scientology, WordPress , 10 Apr. 2011, leavingscientology.wordpress.com/2009/07/15/abuse-in-my-church/. Accessed 21 Feb. 2017. COLUMN: Church of Scientology Infringes upon Right of Free Speech. U-Wire, 2006. Educators Reference Complete, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GPSsw=wu=j020902v=2.1it=rid=GALE|A148688058asid=9d53a7cdb20653018d927a5954846b7e. Accessed 2017. Disconnection as Spiritual Blackmail. Leaving Scientology, WordPress, 10 Apr. 2011, leavingscientology.wordpress.com/2009/07/16/disconnection-as-spiritual-blackmail/. Accessed 21 Feb. 2017. Disconnection. ExScientology Kids, SkyHawk Studios, exscientologykids.com/disconnection/. Accessed 21 Feb. 2017. L. Ron Hubbard, Scientology Founder Biography Quotes. Scientology, Church of Scientology International, www.scientology.org/l-ron-hubbard/?video-play=lrh_bio. Accessed 21 Feb. 2017. Ross, Rick. What Makes a Cult? | Rick Ross. Cif Belief, Guardian News and Media, 27 May 2009, www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/may/27/cults-definition-religion. Accessed 21 Feb. 2017. Sappell, Joel. The Tip of the Spear. Los Angeles Magazine, 2013, p. 88. General OneFile, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GPSsw=wu=j020902v=2.1it=rid=GALE|A314716972asid=ed39321a51f5fc8ae69e80246fe380a2. Accessed 2017. Sea Org. ExScientology Kids, SkyHawk Studios, exscientologykids.com/sea-org-2/. Accessed 21 Feb. 2017. This Family Has Tried Nearly Everything Just to Reach Their Son and Daughter in the Church of Scientology. Today, July 2016. General OneFile, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GPSsw=wu=j020902v=2.1it=rid=GALE|A448889575asid=a7b812f9b7a31c5d0b16388a69d2e982. Accessed 2017.

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy :: Biology Cattle Disease Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a relatively new disease found primarily in cattle. This disease of the bovine breed was first seen in the United Kingdom in November 1986 by histopathological examination of affected brains (Kimberlin, 1993) . From the first discovery in 1986 to 1990 this disease developed into a large-scale epidemic in most of the United Kingdom, with very serious economic consequences (Moore, 1996). BSE primarily occurs in adult cattle of both male and female genders. The most common age at which cows may be affected is between the ages of four and five (Blowey, 1991). Due to the fact that BSE is a neurological disease, it is characterized by many distinct symptoms: changes in mental state 'mad-cow', abnormalities of posture, movement, and sensation (Hunter, 1993). The duration of the clinical disease varies with each case, but most commonly lasts for several weeks. BSE continues to progress and is usually considered fatal (Blowey, 1991).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After extensive research, the pathology of BSE was finally determined. Microscopic lesions in the central nervous system that consist of a bilaterally symmetrical, non-inflammatory vacuolation of neuronal perikarya and grey-matter neuropil was the scientists' overall conclusion (Stadthalle, 1993). These lesions are consistent with the diseases of the more common scrapie family. Without further investigation, the conclusion was made that BSE was a new member of the scrapie family (Westgarth, 1994).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Transmission of BSE is rather common throughout the cattle industry. After the incubation period of one to two years, experimental transmission was found possible by the injection of brain homogenates from clinical cases (Swanson, 1990). This only confirmed that BSE is caused by a scrapie-like infectious agent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How does the transmission become so readily available among the entire United Kingdom feedlot population? Studies showed that the mode of infection was meat and bone meal that had been incorporated into concentrated feedstuffs as a protein-rich supplement (Glausiusz, 1996). It is thought that the outbreak was started by a scrapie infection of cattle, but the subsequent course of the epidemic was driven by the recycling of infected cattle material within the cattle population (Lyall, 1996). Although the average rate of infection is very low, the reason why this led to such a large number of BSE cases is that much of the United Kingdom dairy cattle population was exposed for many, continuous years (Kimberlin, 1993).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To help control the outbreak, the British government in 1988 introduced a ban on the feeding of ruminant protein to other ruminant animals (Lacey, 1995). Such knowledge for the pathogenesis of the BSE disease shows precisely the actions that must be taken in order to control and minimize the risk of

Imperialism Dbq

Imperialism DBQ Before the late 19th century the United States had not expanded outside of the Americas this changed when wealth, population and industrial production increased. The demand for resources led to an era of imperialism. During this era expansionism in the United States kept the same principle but, it departed from previous expansions regarding to geography, politics and the economy. Americans kept the same principle, that God had given the U. S divine right to expand.The new† Manifest Destiny† was a continuation to the previous â€Å"Manifest Destiny†, except it extended to far away Islands that would not become states but instead become colonies. Many Americans continued to believe in Jackson Turner’s â€Å"Frontier Thesis†. They believed that if the U. S did not expand it would â€Å"explode†. In 1885 Josiah Strong wrote â€Å"Our Country, he advocated superiority of the Anglo-Saxons and urged Americans to spread their religion to the â€Å"backward† peoples (Doc. B).Americans had felt the need to take control of the Indians after the Civil War and they continued to exert colonial control over dependent peoples on the Islands. Previously the expansion movement had not gone overseas. The Monroe Doctrine had given the U. S control over the Americas and kept foreign countries from intervening. Germany and the U. S got into a dispute over the Samoan Islands and America kept half. In 1898 Hawaii was annexed. American expansionism also went to the Philippines, Cuba and Puerto Rico. The era of Imperialism differed in politics from expansionism in the Americas.European powers were colonizing the world and America was being left-out (Doc. A), by 1900 Europe had taken over 20 percent of the land and 10 percent of the population of the world. The U. S felt the desire to compete with Europe for overseas empires. Before the United States had felt the need to expand and become a strong country, but now it was a c ompetition of world dominance. In The Influence of Sea Power upon History Alfred Mahan said that control of the sea was the key to world dominance and empire. Americans felt strong sea power was necessary to protect themselves from other countries ( Doc.C). When the Cubans rebelled against Spain the U. S became involved. Yellow journalism fueled the start of the Spanish-American War. The United States won the war when Spain signed the treaty of Paris as a result Cuba became a free country, the U. S received Guam and also gained Puerto Rico. During the Russo- Japanese War Theodore Roosevelt did not want either side to gain a monopoly in Asia, but also did not want to start a war. After Japan secretly asked him to help sponsor peace negotiations, Theodore ended the war with the Treaty of Portsmouth. Economically U.S expansionism was a departure because, foreign trade had become an important part of the American economy. When the McKinley Tariff raised Hawaiian sugar prices, American s ugar planters wanted Hawaii to be annexed so the tariffs would be eliminated. Cleveland refused to annex Hawaii, but later changed his mind when it was needed as a coaling and provisioning way station so supplies could be sent to Dewey in Manila Harbor. The U. S bought the Philippines from Spain but didn’t set them free because they were a way to China, businessmen clamoured for the new Philippine market and it had desirable raw resources (Doc.E). The Chinese market was huge and American manufacturers feared that it would become monopolized by Europeans. So America issued the Open Door Policy so every nation would have fair competition (Doc. G). During the Era of Imperialism the United States went from being a strong nation to becoming a world power. It keep the same principle, that it was the superior race and God had given them the right to colonize, but left behind its old was relating to politics, economy and geography.

Konnichiwa Means Good Afternoon in Japanese

Konnichiwa Means Good Afternoon in Japanese If you want to greet someone in Japanese by saying good afternoon or good day, the word you want to use is Konnichiwa.   Konnichiwa is actually a shortened version of a full greeting. Over time, a more slang version of the term evolved in the Japanese language. â€Å"Konnichiwa was once the beginning of a sentence that went, â€Å"konnichi wa gokiken ikaga desu ka?,†Ã‚  or â€Å"How are you feeling today?† (ä »Å Ã¦â€" ¥Ã£  ¯Ã£ â€Ã¦ ©Å¸Ã¥ «Å'㠁„㠁‹ã Å'㠁 §Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹ Writing Rules for Konnichiwa There is a rule for writing hiragana wa and ha. When wa is used as a particle, it is written in hiragana as ha. Konnichiwa is now a fixed greeting. However, in the old days it was a part of sentence, such as Today is ~ (Konnichi wa ~) and wa functioned as a particle. Thats why it is still written in hiragana as ha. The greeting can be changed to good evening, with, â€Å"Konbanwaâ€Å" where â€Å"this evening† is substituted for the word today. (ä »Å Ã¦â„¢ ©Ã£  ¯Ã£ â€Ã¦ ©Å¸Ã¥ «Å'㠁„㠁‹ã Å'㠁 §Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹) Audio File: Listen to the audio file for Konnichiwa. Japanese Characters for Konnichiwa: 㠁“ん㠁 «Ã£  ¡Ã£  ¯Ã£â‚¬â€š More Japanese Greetings: Previous wordNext wordGreetings ArchiveSimple Japanese Phrases Sources: Rocket News 24, http://en.rocketnews24.com/2014/04/08/what-does-konichiwa-really-mean-understanding-japanese-greetings/